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NFC is rooted in radio-frequency identification technology (known as RFID) which allows compatible hardware to both supply power to and communicate with an otherwise unpowered and passive electronic tag using radio waves. In addition, when one of the connected devices has Internet connectivity, the other can exchange data with online services. Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange and simplified setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi.
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A platform-independent free and open source NFC library, libnfc, is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License. This program was under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories, and was terminated in May 2012. Ī patent licensing program for NFC is under deployment by France Brevets, a patent fund created in 2011. GSMA's efforts include Trusted Services Manager, Single Wire Protocol, testing/certification and secure element. In addition to the NFC Forum, the GSMA group defined a platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards within mobile handsets.
The standards include ISO/IEC 18092 and those defined by the NFC Forum. NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa. Secure communications are available by applying encryption algorithms as is done for credit cards and if they fit the criteria for being considered a personal area network. The forum was responsible for promoting the technology and setting standards and certifies device compliance. The standards were provided by the NFC Forum. NFC tags can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use the industry specifications. debit or credit card information, loyalty program data, personal identification numbers (PINs), contacts). Applications include secure personal data storage (e.g. They typically contain data (as of 2015 between 96 and 8,192 bytes) and are read-only in normal use, but may be rewritable. NFC tags are passive data stores which can be read, and under some circumstances written to, by an NFC device. NFC peer-to-peer Enables two NFC-enabled devices to communicate with each other to exchange information in an ad hoc fashion. See Host card emulation NFC reader/writer Enables NFC-enabled devices to read information stored on inexpensive NFC tags embedded in labels or smart posters.
NFC card emulation Enables NFC-enabled devices such as smartphones to act like smart cards, allowing users to perform transactions such as payment or ticketing. Like other " proximity card" technologies, NFC is based on inductive coupling between two so-called antennas present on NFC-enabled devices-for example a smartphone and a printer-communicating in one or both directions, using a frequency of 13.56 MHz in the globally available unlicensed radio frequency ISM band using the ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface standard at data rates ranging from 106 to 424 kbit/s.Įvery active NFC device can work in one or more of three modes:
These are standardized to NFC protocols, replacing proprietary technologies used by earlier systems.
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NFC-enabled portable devices can be provided with application software, for example to read electronic tags or make payments when connected to an NFC-compliant system. This interface can be used for parameterization of the component as well. This connection can be used to exchange data (such as process data and maintenance and service information) between the devices. Two NFC-capable devices are connected via a point-to-point contact over a distance of 0 to 2 cm. Near-field communication (NFC) describes a technology which can be used for contactless exchange of data over short distances.